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The 4 Main Reasons To Perform التيمّم At-Tayammum In The Shāfi'i Madhab
1️⃣ The tangible absence of water. For example one is travelling and cannot find any water. The absence could also be in pure legal sense, such as when one has water but he needs it to drink. The exalted one said "...and cannot find any water, then do tayammum..." The one who needs the water in order to drink it, and so forth, bears the same ruling regarding purification as the one who has no water at all.
2️⃣ The water's being at a distance. If one is in a place where there is no water and the distance between him and some water is more than half a farsakh فرسخ - more than 2.5 kilometres -, he does tayammum and he is not obligated to fetch that water, due to difficulty.
3️⃣ The inability to use water, this can be tangible, such as when water is nearby but there is also an enemy that one fears, and it can also be legal. For example one fears that using water will cause illness, or excaberbate one's illness, or delay one's recovery. In these circumstances, one does tayammum and it is not obligatory upon him to use water. This is due to what he [prophet] ﷺ said regarding the man who fractured his skull, performed ghusl, and then died: {it would have sufficed him to perform tayammum and tie a piece of cloth over his wound, then wipe over it and wash the rest of his body.}
4️⃣ Intense cold. In other words, it is so cold that one fears using water and one is not able to heat it. This is because 'Amr Ibn Al-'Ās رضي الله عنه did tayammum when he was in a state of janābah جنابة because he feared dying from the cold, and the Prophet ﷺ affirmed what he did. This has been related by Abū Dāwūd, who declared it authentic, as well as Al-Hākim and Ibn Hibbān. The person in this situation, however, has to make up the prayer when water becomes available. - when the weather is warmer or one is able to heat the water."
[الفقه المنهاجي]
BY Halaqah As-Sunnah 📚

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